Purpose: The present study aims to identify and explain the futures of Iranian provinces in the COMPETITION for the development of NBIC technological convergence (synergy between nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive sciences) with a focus on Yazd province. Method: This research, which has been conducted with a qualitative and descriptive approach, is classified as an exploratory futures-study. In this way, the relevant research records were first reviewed to compile a list of drivers in the development of convergent technologies. The list was then refined and prioritized to identify two key drivers, with the Delphi process attended by fourteen experts. By intersecting the uncertainties of these two drivers, four scenarios of the province's future in technological convergence COMPETITION emerged. Findings: The two key drivers affecting the success of the province in the COMPETITION for convergent technologies are: the rate of development of the innovation ecosystem and the amount of financial resources allocated to this process. Based on this, four scenarios of the future situation of the province in this field were identified, which have been named as "Vanguard", "Buyer", "Remnant" and "Hired". Conclusion: In order for the provinces to be able to succeed in the forthcoming COMPETITIONs in the production and operation of convergent technologies, it is necessary to plan for strengthening the ecosystem infrastructure from now; at the same time, it is necessary to make efficient efforts to provide sufficient financial resources for the research and commercialization of these technologies.

COMPETITION law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understanding of COMPETITION policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of COMPETITION law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand COMPETITION policy. COMPETITION policy may be based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate COMPETITION policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of COMPETITION policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

Introduction: Alternative punishments of imprisonment, which are called as a new approach of the penal system to fight against the negative consequences of prison, have many EFFECTS and consequences that need to be investigated. Therefore, in this study, while examining the types of alternative punishments, the moral and social EFFECTS of the implementation of these punishments have been explored. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted using an analytical-descriptive method. In this study, in order to provide an appropriate answer to the question presented, by referring to the theoretical bases (books) and articles published in the ISC, Magiran, Civilica, SID and Ensani in the years 2011 to 2023 and with the method of extracting the existing legal provisions, the effectiveness of this type of punishment was also criticized in reaching the intended goals. Conclusion: The results of this study show that with the implementation of such punishments, the level of public trust, the growth of morals and social capital in the society will also improve. Therefore, the implementation of these punishments, while reducing the criminal population of prisoners and reforming them, provides better implementation of social justice and improvement of public trust, emotional and financial support for the families of criminals

in this research, their EFFECTS on the flight of airplanes were investigated. The study area is the country of Iran, and the flight routes of Kermanshah, Ahvaz and BandarAbbas to Tehran. The research data includes maps of the Vertical Transect (profile) of the jet stream, the daily average of the Zonal wind (U-Wind) and meridional wind (V-Wind) components for the winter period of 2018 through NOAA/NCEP environmental databases. Also, flight route information was received from FlightRadar24 and Flightaware systems. First, by using Vertical Transect maps, the days containing strong U-Wind were extracted, and the average position of the core of the Jet Streams in the Zonal and meridional wind components, the Tropospheric level of 200 HP was detected. The list of flights was prepared, and the Zonal Wind maps were produced. Finally, the height of the flights was compared with the level of the currents of the Jet Streams, and the influence or lack of influence of the Jet Streams on the flights was studied. According to the results of the research, all the Jet Streams caused turbulence for all flights, and they caused a decrease in the speed of flights between Ahvaz and BandarAbbas to Tehran and an increase in the speed of flights between Kermanshah and Tehran according to the direction and type of Jet Streams. It was also found that all the Jet Streams had a speed of more than 90 knots, so the capacity to create tension and turbulence such as CAT was seen in them

In this study, the index of market COMPETITION, consumer welfare lost, underwriting risk and the relationship between them and the process of privatization in the insurance industry, is studied. The results show that with the privatization in the insurance industry, the insurance market has lost the monopoly, lost welfare during the last ten years, but dropped sharply increased underwriting risk.In view of the increasing COMPETITION in the market, has increased the need for effective monitoring. Regression calculations show that a strong and significant relationship is between privatization (increasing the number of insurance companies), COMPETITION, market risks and consumer welfare.

This paper aims to investigate the relationship between product market COMPETITION and financing costs of the firms listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange. This proceeded with control EFFECTS of firm size, and also, financial leverage of firms. In addition, Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI), firms’ concentration ratios, and Lerner and adjusted Lerner index, were used as COMPETITION measures in product market. The statistical population constitutes of the firms listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange, in the years 1382-1390. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to test the study hypotheses. The results indicated that, in overall, there were significant relationship between product market COMPETITION indices and cost of common stock capital, and between COMPETITION indices and cost of debt as the criterion of financing costs. Therefore, it was recommended that the firms, by designing and applying intelligent strategies and target-oriented financing cost decisions, make their position secure in the market and increase their market share.

In this paper, the effect of Product Market COMPETITION on Agency Cost is investigated. In this regard, the effect of size is controlled. For measuring the Product Market COMPETITION, the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index of sales and entry barriers is used. For measuring agency cost, two criterion is used. The first criterion is the interaction of the firm’s growth prospects and its free cash flows. We used Tobin’s Q as a proxy for the firm’s growth prospects. The other criterion is the assets turnover ratio. To test the hypotheses and data, multiple linear regression was used. findings of investigating 62 firms in the 2003 to 2011 show that as the firm COMPETITION power increases and on the other hand the degree of the product market COMPETITION decreases, the agency cost would significantly increase. Moreover, the strength of the research results using annual data were also exmined.